Vitamin D and Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women

Abstract

Introduction and Objective: Osteoporosis and vitamin D deficiency are highly prevalent among postmenopausal women, particularly in Latin America, where barriers to healthcare and nutrition worsen outcomes. This narrative review aims to update current evidence on the role of vitamin D in postmenopausal osteoporosis, focusing on diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive strategies. Methods: We reviewed international guidelines (Endocrine Society, EMAS, Latin American Federation of Endocrinology), regional consensus statements, and indexed articles (PubMed, Cochrane, 2018–2025). Results: Vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) is common in postmenopausal women and is associated with lower bone mineral density and higher fracture risk. FRAX and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) remain essential diagnostic tools. Supplementation is recommended for women with deficiency or high-risk conditions; daily doses of 800–2000 IU are preferred. Lifestyle interventions including weight-bearing exercise, Mediterranean diet, and adequate supplementation significantly reduce fragility fractures. Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency exacerbates osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Targeted supplementation, timely diagnosis, and public health strategies are required to reduce fracture risk and improve outcomes